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	<title>Anti-Defamation League &#8211; The American Mercury</title>
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		<title>No Matter Who You Vote for, You Get Jonathan Greenblatt (Mary Phagan Edition)</title>
		<link>https://theamericanmercury.org/2024/04/no-matter-who-you-vote-for-you-get-jonathan-greenblatt-mary-phagan-edition/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Malcolm P. Shiel]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 17:45:53 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[US News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ADL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anti-Defamation League]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Leo Frank]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mary Phagan]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theamericanmercury.org/?p=3465</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In this year of 2024, on the 111th anniversary of the murder of 13-year-old Mary Phagan by Jewish sex killer Leo Frank, we present this article, based on a piece from the alternative media. by K.A. Strom and Valdis Bell I BELIEVE IT was the great writer Daniel Concannon who first said that in America, no matter who you vote <a class="more-link" href="https://theamericanmercury.org/2024/04/no-matter-who-you-vote-for-you-get-jonathan-greenblatt-mary-phagan-edition/">Continue Reading &#8594;</a>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/greenblatt_portrait05.jpg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1000" height="632" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/greenblatt_portrait05-1000x632.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-3466" srcset="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/greenblatt_portrait05-1000x632.jpg 1000w, https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/greenblatt_portrait05-450x285.jpg 450w, https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/greenblatt_portrait05-768x486.jpg 768w, https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/greenblatt_portrait05.jpg 1344w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Hate personified</figcaption></figure></div>


<p><em>In this year of 2024, on the 111th anniversary of the murder of 13-year-old Mary Phagan by Jewish sex killer Leo Frank, we present this article, based on a piece from the alternative media.</em></p>



<p>by K.A. Strom and Valdis Bell</p>



<p>I BELIEVE IT was the great writer <a href="https://gab.com/KeepNHGranite">Daniel Concannon</a> who first said that in America, no matter who you vote for you always get Jonathan Greenblatt.</p>



<p>Greenblatt looks like a particularly filthy gunsel from a 1940s gangster movie. He makes Peter Lorre look handsome. He&#8217;s the head of the Jewish <a href="https://nationalvanguard.org/?s=ADL">Anti-Defamation League</a> (or ADL), which is perhaps the foremost anti-Gentile hate operation in America today. It is the ADL who decides what you get to hear or see in the media, and what you are allowed to say in public and on social media. It would be better named the Defamation League, as one of their main activities is defaming and deplatforming and smearing and financially and personally ruining anyone who exposes Jewish crimes or the genocidal nature of the Jewish agenda.</p>



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<p>As proof that the ADL gets what it wants, and what it wants is to silence anyone who inhibits the Jewish agenda of a brown America, look at what happened to populist Tucker Carlson last year. The most highly-rated talk show host on the dinosaur media, so well-liked that a recent poll puts his popularity higher than that of the entire Fox News Network where he appeared, Carlson was fired by mega-Zionist and possibly crypto- or part-Jew Rupert Murdoch without reason being given. Jonathan Greenblatt has been pushing for Carlson to be fired for at least two years. Take a look at this softball CNN interview with Greenblatt from 12 April 2021. CNN is owned and run by Jews.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe title="ADL CEO calls for Fox News to fire Tucker Carlson" width="710" height="399" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/u12I5_mLazI?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This interview took place in April 2021. Last year, Jonathan Greenblatt finally got exactly what he wanted..</figcaption></figure>



<p>Greenblatt gets all worked up emotionally when he tells Brian Stelter, &#8220;Tucker Carlson has got to go!&#8221; calling for him to be deplatformed, and literally a few seconds later screeches &#8220;This is not cancel culture.&#8221; Right. Greenblatt and the ADL goddamned <em>invented</em> cancel culture, for the gods&#8217; sake. It&#8217;s the very basis of their existence. Apparently Tucker had mentioned the increasingly obvious fact that there a media agenda to replace the heritage population of the US and Europe and other Western nations. (It&#8217;s okay for the controlled media to mention this, they often do, so long as they frame it as a good and inevitable thing. But Tucker hadn&#8217;t made the obligatory ritual incantations, and that might stir up the peasants and get them thinking maybe, just maybe, someone is trying to hurt them &#8212; something that Greenblatt and his ilk cannot tolerate.)</p>



<p>Now, I&#8217;m not a hod carrier for Tucker Carlson. He articulates many of the problems we face well. He informs us about <em>a few parts</em> of the media&#8217;s agenda that the rest of the Jewish-controlled media try to downplay or keep hidden. But, like Lucy Van Pelt and her football with Charlie Brown, at the last moment he always pulls away and leaves us without knowing <em>who</em> is behind these things and <em>why</em> they do what they do. In some cases he out-and-out misdirects our people into thinking that Democrats are the real problem &#8212; not Jewish power &#8212; and that Republicans, some of them anyway, are the real solution. He scrupulously and cleverly and rather disgustingly dances around the issue of Jewish/Zionist power. Sometimes he tells us that it&#8217;s some shadowy &#8220;woke&#8221; conspiracy or airheaded &#8220;groupthink&#8221; trendiness that&#8217;s &#8220;behind it all.&#8221; (Truth be told, we as people <em>need</em> &#8220;groupthink.&#8221; All peoples need groupthink &#8212; that is, thinking of themselves <em>as a group</em> and committing themselves to their group&#8217;s survival &#8212; in order to even exist at all. Tucker Carlson says that&#8217;s a bad thing, promoting some vaguely libertarian strain of populism &#8212; or maybe it&#8217;s a populist strain of libertarianism; it doesn&#8217;t really matter, either one is death for us. So I am not a big fan of Tucker Carlson.</p>



<p>But Carlson went too far for Jonathan Greenblatt and the ADL. And he was hugely popular. So he had to go. And, going against &#8212; insanely against, I might add &#8212; their own economic interests, the Murdochs fired him. Pleasing Jews is more important, apparently, than billions in revenue.</p>



<p>And it is this same Greenblatt and same ADL that is allowed to give &#8220;training courses&#8221; to police officers nationwide, telling the officers just who it is who is &#8220;dangerous&#8221; and who should get especially intense law enforcement scrutiny. It is this same ADL that meets with social media executives &#8212; including Elon Musk &#8212; and tells them who it is who should have a voice and who should be stifled or silenced. It is this same ADL that tells our national and state and local legislators what laws should be passed and what speech should be banned.</p>



<p>Speaking of pleasing Jews, witness the shocking behavior of Florida governor Ron DeSantis. For the second time in history &#8212; and DeSantis did it the first time, too &#8212; an American governor has signed a bill into law while in a foreign country. It was a bill supported by the ADL and specifically crafted to make distribution of fliers criticizing Jews into a felony. And guess which country DeSantis was in when he signed it? If you guessed Israel, you&#8217;re right. DeSantis, who, like Tucker Carlson, makes a lot of noise in apparent opposition to certain of the most outrageous parts of the Jewish agenda, knows who he has to please. Don&#8217;t fool yourself; DeSantis still has ambitions to be a major elite political player. His signing of this flagrantly immoral and illegal restriction on our speech while in Israel is deeply significant: a symbolic bowing to his masters, in a place sacred to his masters, signaling he wants their approval for a &#8220;move up&#8221; in status, something that only they really decide.</p>



<p>I&#8217;ll embed the tweet from neocon Jew Rep. Andy Fine, who said: &#8220;made a secret trip to JERUSALEM (!!!) to deliver @GovRonDeSantis HB 269, the strongest antisemitism bill in the United States. To Florida&#8217;s Nazi thugs, I have news: attack Jews on their property and you&#8217;re going to prison. Never again means never again.&#8221; All of this surmounts a picture of DeSantis signing the sacred bill, with two smirking Jews looking on. Do I have to tell you that the bill has nothing to do with &#8220;attacking&#8221; Jews, but only with distributing literature that criticizes them or exposes their activities?</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://nationalvanguard.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/fine.png"><img decoding="async" src="https://nationalvanguard.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/fine.png" alt="" class="wp-image-62677"/></a></figure></div>


<p>Some of you may be wondering what all this has to do with Mary Phagan. And who is she, anyway? Well, you need to understand the <a href="https://nationalvanguard.org/?s=%22mary+phagan%22">murder of Mary Phagan</a> in order to understand how we got from the Land of the Free to the point where a greasy, sleazy item like Greenblatt gets to decide what our laws should be and what you can say without getting fired or going to prison.</p>



<p>It all began when 19th-century Americans, woefully unaware of reality when it came to Jews, mistakenly thought that Jews were just another kind of European and let them stream into our country in huge numbers. Jews, knowing they were a separate race and with fanatical racial loyalty, immediately began to organize and acquire power for themselves, especially power over the press and eventually all mass media as they emerged.</p>



<p>Initially, Jews in the southern US adapted themselves to the reality of Jim Crow and positioned themselves publicly as &#8220;White&#8221; and supportive of White institutions.</p>



<p>But all that changed at high noon on 26 April, 1913, in Atlanta, Georgia.</p>



<p>It happened on the second floor of the National Pencil Company building on Forsyth Street. It was a sweatshop where child laborers, mostly White girls, spent their youth making pencils for the company&#8217;s Jewish owners for 60 hours a week and more, earning only pennies an hour.</p>



<p>13-year-old Mary Phagan was one such girl. She came that day to the office to collect her pathetically meager $1.20 pay. There she met the sweatshop&#8217;s Jewish boss and stockholder, Leo Frank, in his office on the second floor. Leo Frank was also the president of the Atlanta chapter of the B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith, a Jewish organization that would spawn the ADL later that same year.</p>



<p>It was a holiday and no one else was on that entire floor. Frank paid her, and then took her into the factory&#8217;s &#8220;metal room,&#8221; in the rear part of the second floor, as far as possible from the stairway and elevator, and from prying eyes and ears, on the pretext of checking to see if the metal supplies she needed for her work had come in. He closed the doors behind them as they walked.</p>



<p>Near the rear wall, standing in front of a metal lathe next to the toilet entrance, Leo Frank did to Mary Phagan what he, according to numerous witnesses, had often done with his teenage girl employees: He attempted to take sexual liberties with her. She resisted. Frank knocked her down forcibly, hitting her in the eye and striking her head against the unyielding metal lathe, opening a bloody gash that he may or may not have seen at first. While she was stunned, he pulled her garments up above her waist and raped her right on the red-stained floor in front of the toilet, lying in her own flowing blood.</p>



<p>When he was &#8220;done,&#8221; seeing the blood and doubtlessly realizing his predicament should Mary tell others of his actions, he found a piece of the twine used to pack supplies in his factory, wound it tightly around Mary&#8217;s neck, and strangled her to death. He then tore off a piece of her lace underwear, placed it around her neck as if it were a lace necklet and so it covered the marks of the strangling.</p>



<p>He then summoned the factory&#8217;s Black sweeper, Jim Conley, to enlist his aid in the moving and, he hoped, the burning of Mary Phagan&#8217;s body. Conley knew that Frank liked to &#8220;chat&#8221; in private with the prettier of his young White employees, as he had kept watch for Frank on several occasions while such &#8220;chatting&#8221; took place. And, in fact, he was keeping watch for him near the factory&#8217;s first-floor entrance at that very moment. Frank told Conley that he had struck the girl and accidentally killed her. The lace &#8220;necklet&#8221; might have served to conceal the strangling &#8212; at least conceal it from Conley. It could never fool police investigators. But, if Conley had burned the body for Frank as planned (as it turned out, he never did), there might never be any police investigators. Conley and Frank moved Mary&#8217;s body to the basement.</p>



<p>Frank and his legal team tried to frame the Black night watchman, Newt Lee, for the murder. Among other things, they forged his time card, and planted a fake bloody shirt at his residence. When that framing attempt failed, they tried to frame Jim Conley &#8212; and, 111 years later, they&#8217;re still trying to frame him. They planted a fake &#8220;bloody club&#8221; and pay envelope near the place where Conley kept watch for Frank that day. But that fake was exposed, too. The true evidence kept building up, and the proof was overwhelming that Frank was the killer. He was convicted and sentenced to death.</p>



<p>But Frank had something that ordinary defendants, Black or White, never have. He was not an &#8220;ordinary citizen.&#8221; He was a Jew, a member of the supposedly &#8220;chosen people.&#8221; He was also an actual official of the Jewish power structure &#8212; the head of Atlanta&#8217;s division of the B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith. He had the already massive power, money, media ownership, and political influence of the organized Jewish community nationwide behind him. They refused to let the verdict stand. They funded a multimillion-dollar legal and PR campaign to get him a new trial, to make millions of gullible people believe he was innocent and a saintlike &#8220;victim of anti-Semitism,&#8221; and to get his sentence commuted. They were only partially successful. All his numerous and expensive appeals, which went all the way up to the US Supreme Court, failed. And the death sentence was carried out by an outraged citizenry after a corrupt governor commuted it. The Jews did fool a great number of Americans about Frank, however.</p>



<p>And the Frank case galvanized Jews to see heritage Americans as their enemies. The Leo Frank case was not only the first time the Jewish power structure flexed its muscles so openly to change public opinion and to get what it wanted from the political and legal systems. <em>It was also when they decided that their alliance with White people was at an end.</em> From that day forward, and intensifying greatly after World War 2, the Jews have been ramping up a (slighty) covert war on White people at the very same time that they made overt war on Arabs and others in the Middle East.</p>



<p>Everything else flows from that day. What that Jew pervert did to Mary Phagan on the metal room floor that day 111 years ago this week led directly to Jonathan Greenblatt telling you what you can and cannot say today &#8212; led directly, in fact, to the founding of the ADL just a few months after Mary Phagan breathed her last.</p>



<p>And now, as Paul Harvey used to say, you know the rest of the story.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-center">***</p>



<p>Source: based on an article at <em><a href="http://nationalvanguard.org">National Vanguard</a></em></p>
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		<title>ADL: 100 Years of Hate</title>
		<link>https://theamericanmercury.org/2013/10/adl-100-years-of-hate/</link>
					<comments>https://theamericanmercury.org/2013/10/adl-100-years-of-hate/#comments</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ann Hendon]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Oct 2013 03:49:14 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ADL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anti-Defamation League]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anti-Semitism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Israel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jews]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theamericanmercury.org/?p=1828</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[by Valdis Bell TODAY MARKS THE 100th anniversary of the largest and most-well funded hate and defamation group in the history of mankind: the Anti-Defamation League, or &#8220;ADL.&#8221; The organization was originally called the &#8220;Anti-Defamation League of B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith&#8221; after its parent group, the Jewish fraternal order B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith (meaning &#8220;Sons of the Covenant,&#8221; or, literally, &#8220;Sons of the Cut&#8221; <a class="more-link" href="https://theamericanmercury.org/2013/10/adl-100-years-of-hate/">Continue Reading &#8594;</a>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>by Valdis Bell</p>
<p>TODAY MARKS THE 100th anniversary of the largest and most-well funded hate and defamation group in the history of mankind: the Anti-Defamation League, or &#8220;ADL.&#8221; The organization was originally called the &#8220;Anti-Defamation League of B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith&#8221; after its parent group, the Jewish fraternal order B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith (meaning &#8220;Sons of the Covenant,&#8221; or, literally, &#8220;Sons of the Cut&#8221; &#8212; referring to circumcision). (ILLUSTRATION: Abraham Foxman, director of the ADL)</p>
<p>The ADL was founded in the immediate aftermath of the conviction of Atlanta B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith President Leo Frank for the <a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/2013/04/100-reasons-proving-leo-frank-is-guilty/">strangulation and sex murder</a> of a 13-year-old factory girl, Mary Phagan. The international Jewish community did not believe that Frank should have been convicted. They had mounted a huge press, publicity, legal, and lobbying campaign to convince officials and the public that a Black man, James Conley, was the real killer. But the evidence against Frank was so strong &#8212; and the evidence against Conley so thin &#8212; that the Southern, all White, and doubtless philo-Semitic (like most of the Christian South) jury unanimously convicted Leo Frank and sentenced him to hang. Two months after Frank&#8217;s conviction, on October 20, 1913, the ADL was formed. To this day, the ADL and its allies promote the fiction that Frank&#8217;s conviction was a result of &#8220;anti-Semitism&#8221; and use the case a rallying cry to garner support and funding. (&#8220;<a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/2013/04/100-reasons-proving-leo-frank-is-guilty/">100 Reasons Leo Frank is Guilty</a>,&#8221;<em> The American Mercury</em>, 26 April 2013)</p>
<p>The ADL operates as a private intelligence agency, sending spies, infiltrators, disruptors, and <em>agents provocateurs</em> into the camps &#8212; both Jewish and non-Jewish &#8212; of those who disagree with its radically pro-Israel and Jewish supremacist agenda. Also like an intelligence agency, it maintains a huge database containing personal information on politicians, writers, dissidents, activists, publishers, bloggers, and even unaffiliated private citizens so that &#8212; should any of these people &#8220;get out of line,&#8221; in the opinion of the ADL &#8212; they can be threatened, &#8220;exposed,&#8221; blackmailed, and thus silenced with maximum effectiveness.</p>
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<p>In 1993, an ADL operative, <a href="http://www.irmep.org/ila/ADL-CA/">Roy Bullock</a>, was caught corrupting police officials and illegally obtaining police files to add to the ADL&#8217;s dossiers on &#8220;thought criminals&#8221; Left and Right. Despite this, the ADL audaciously uses its money and influence to &#8220;educate&#8221; law enforcement officials through a subsidiary called the &#8220;Law Enforcement Agency Resource Network&#8221; (LEARN), which uses persuasive techniques to convince police authorities that individuals and groups that the ADL dislikes are dangerous criminals &#8212; and that the ADL and its allies are public-spirited, beneficial groups.</p>
<p>Ironically, considering its name, one of the main techniques used by the ADL, and for which its massive intelligence archive is most useful, is public <em>defamation</em> of those who the ADL has declared are its enemies.</p>
<p>The ADL is headquartered in New York City and has 29 offices in major cities in the United States, one in Israel, and two known offices in other countries. Abraham Foxman has been &#8220;national director&#8221; of the group since 1987. It has an admitted annual U.S. budget of $55 million, with listed assets in 2011 of $171 million.</p>
<p><strong>The Bullock Case</strong></p>
<p>In 1993, an ADL agent named Roy Bullock, a San Francisco art dealer and fairly well-known in the homosexual community there, whose specialty was the infiltration of patriotic, Arab-American, and other organizations on behalf of the League, was found to have in his possession illegally obtained and highly private and personal data on his targets &#8212; data which could only have been obtained from police and other confidential government files; data<em> that was also discovered in the files of the ADL</em> itself when police raided ADL headquarters in San Francisco and Los Angeles as result of Bullock&#8217;s exposure.</p>
<p>According to the <em>Los Angeles Times</em> of 9th April, 1993, &#8220;Police on Thursday served search warrants on the Anti-Defamation League here and in Los Angeles, seizing evidence of a nationwide intelligence network accused of keeping files on more than 950 political groups, newspapers, and labor unions and as many as 12,000 people.</p>
<p>&#8220;Describing the spy operations in great detail, San Francisco authorities simultaneously released voluminous documents telling how operatives of the Anti-Defamation League searched through trash and infiltrated organizations to gather intelligence an Arab-American, right-wing, and what they called &#8220;pinko&#8221; organizations&#8230;.</p>
<p>&#8220;&#8230;Police allege that the organization maintains undercover operatives to gather political intelligence in at least seven cities, including Los Angeles and San Francisco.</p>
<p>&#8220;Groups that were the focus of the spy operation span the political spectrum, including such groups as the Ku Klux Klan, the White Aryan Resistance, Greenpeace, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the United Farm Workers, and the Jewish Defense League. Also on the list were Mills College, the board of directors of San Francisco public television station KQED, and the San Francisco Bay Guardian newspaper.</p>
<p>&#8220;People who were subjects of the spy operation included former Republican Representative Pete McCloskey, jailed political extremist Lyndon LaRouche and <em>Los Angeles Times</em> correspondent Scott Kraft, who is based in South Africa&#8230;.</p>
<p>&#8220;&#8230;In addition to allegations of obtaining confidential information from police, the Anti-Defamation League could face a total of 48 felony counts for not properly reporting the employment of its chief West Coast spy, Roy Bullock, according to the affidavit filed to justify the search warrant.&#8221; (&#8220;<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/1993-04-10/news/mn-21353_1_adl">ADL Vows to Cooperate With Spy Investigation</a>,&#8221; <em>Los Angeles Times,</em> 9 April, 1993)</p>
<p>I&#8217;ll interrupt the article to inform you that those 48 felony counts were somehow suppressed and the ADL was never prosecuted. A sweetheart deal was worked out in 2000 under which the ADL admitted no wrongdoing, paid an out-of-court settlement &#8212; of under $200,000 &#8212; part of it for legal fees and the rest to &#8220;charitable groups&#8221; which &#8220;fight hate&#8221; (in other words, the kind of groups the ADL would support anyway &#8212; one such group was the &#8220;Hate Crimes Reward Fund&#8221;), issued a weak apology for dealing with &#8220;fact finders&#8221; who had violated the law, supposedly without the knowledge of the ADL, and then had the unbelievable audacity to reaffirm their &#8220;right&#8221; to spy on any group and anyone just as they always have!</p>
<p>Continuing:</p>
<p>&#8220;The Anti-Defamation League disguised payments to Bullock for more than 25 years by funneling $550 a week to Beverly Hills attorney Bruce I. Hochman, who then paid Bullock, according to the documents released in San Francisco. Hochman, a former president of the Jewish Federation Council of Greater Los Angeles and one of the state&#8217;s leading tax attorneys, will be out of the city until late next week and could not be reached for comment, his office said.</p>
<p>&#8220;Until 1990, Hochman, a former U.S. prosecutor, also was a member of a panel appointed by then-Senator Pete Wilson to secretly make initial recommendations on new federal judges in California. Hochman is a former regional president of the Anti-Defamation League&#8230;.</p>
<p>&#8220;David Lehrer, executive director of the Los Angeles ADL office, said the organization has not violated the law&#8230;.</p>
<p>&#8220;&#8230;But in an affidavit filed to obtain warrants for Thursday&#8217;s searches, San Francisco police allege that &#8216;ADL employees were apparently less than truthful&#8217; in providing information in an earlier search conducted without a warrant&#8230;.</p>
<p>&#8220;&#8230;The police affidavit contends that Lehrer had sole control of a secret fund used to pay for &#8216;fact-finding operations.&#8217; Lehrer, according to the documents, signed checks from the account under the name &#8216;L. Patterson.&#8217;&#8230;</p>
<p>&#8220;&#8230;League officials will not confirm or deny whether Bullock was an employee and have said they simply traded information with police departments about people who might be involved in hate crimes.&#8221;</p>
<p>I&#8217;ll add here that the category of crime called &#8220;hate crimes&#8221; was virtually invented by the ADL. The purpose of such laws is to add extra penalties for acts which are already crimes under existing statutes &#8212; like murder, assault, etc. &#8212; <em>if</em> the perpetrator can be shown to have held prejudiced or &#8220;hateful&#8221; views which might have motivated his actions. Under &#8220;hate crime&#8221; laws, American citizens would receive <em>different</em> sentences for the <em>same</em> crime, depending on whether or not their thoughts are &#8220;Politically Correct&#8221; on issues relating to homosexuality, race, nationality, and politics. That such laws might have a chilling effect on free speech &#8212; for a thoughtful person would now realize that his every utterance on &#8220;sensitive&#8221; topics might someday be used against him in a court of law, should he be required to defend himself with force someday or even have an argument with a member of a &#8220;protected class&#8221; &#8212; was probably the ADL&#8217;s intention all along.</p>
<p><strong>Enter Tom Gerard</strong></p>
<p>From the <em>Los Angeles Times</em>, 13th April, 1993:</p>
<p>&#8221; To the outside world, Roy Bullock was a small-time art dealer who operated from his house in the Castro District. In reality, he was an undercover spy who picked through garbage and amassed secret files for the Anti-Defamation League for nearly 40 years.</p>
<p>&#8220;His code name at the prominent Jewish organization was Cal, and he was so successful at infiltrating political groups that he was once chosen to head an Arab-American delegation that visited Representative Nancy Pelosi (D-San Francisco) in her Washington, D.C. office.</p>
<p>&#8220;For a time, &#8216;Cal&#8217; tapped into the phone message system of White Aryan Resistance&#8230; &#8230;From police sources, he obtained privileged, personal information on at least 1,394 people. And he met surreptitiously with agents of the South African government to trade his knowledge for crisp, new $100 bills.</p>
<p>&#8220;These are among the secrets that Bullock and David Gurvitz, a former Los Angeles-based [ADL] operative, divulged in extensive interviews with police and the FBI in a growing scandal over the nationwide intelligence network operated by the Anti-Defamation League&#8230;.</p>
<p>&#8220;Transcripts of the interviews &#8212; among nearly 700 pages of documents released by San Francisco prosecutors last week &#8212; offer new details of the private spy operation that authorities allege crossed the line into illegal territory.</p>
<p>&#8220;At times, the intelligence activities took on a cloak-and-dagger air with laundered payments, shredded documents, hotel rendezvous with foreign agents and code names&#8230;.</p>
<p>&#8220;On one occasion, Gurvitz recounts, he received a tip that a pro-Palestinian activist was about to board a plane bound for Haifa, Israel. Although the Anti-Defamation League publicly denies any ties to Israel, Gurvitz phoned an Israeli consular official to warn them. Shortly thereafter, another [Israeli government] official called Gurvitz back and debriefed him.</p>
<p>&#8220;The court papers also added to the mystery of Tom Gerard, a former CIA agent and San Francisco police officer accused of providing confidential material from police files to the Anti-Defamation League&#8230; &#8230;Bullock said it was Gerard who sold official police intelligence. Bullock said he split about $16,000&#8230; evenly with Gerard, telling him at one point, &#8216;I may be gay, but I&#8217;m a straight arrow.&#8217;&#8230;</p>
<p>&#8220;Gerard fled to the Philippines last fall after he was interviewed by the FBI, but left behind a briefcase in his police locker. Its contents included passports, driver&#8217;s licenses, and identification cards in 10 different names; identification cards in his own name for four different embassies in Central America; and a collection of blank birth certificates, Army discharge papers, and official stationery from various agencies.</p>
<p>&#8220;Also in the briefcase were extensive information on death squads, a black hood, apparently for use in interrogations, and photos of blindfolded and chained men.</p>
<p>&#8220;Investigators suspect that Gerard and other police sources gave the ADL confidential driver&#8217;s license or vehicle registration information on a vast number of people, including as many as 4,500 members of one target group, the Arab-American Anti-Discrimination Committee.</p>
<p>&#8220;Each case of obtaining such data from a law enforcement officer could constitute a felony, San Francisco Police Inspector Ron Roth noted in an affidavit for a search warrant.&#8221; (&#8220;<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/1993-04-13/news/mn-22383_1_spy-operation">New Details of Extensive ADL Spy Operation Emerge</a>,&#8221; <em>Los Angeles Times,</em> 13 April, 1993)</p>
<p>Now we&#8217;re up to 4,500 felonies. Was the ADL brought to justice for even one of them? No. And what was revealed in the Gerard case was just the work of <em>one</em> ADL operative &#8212; and <em>one</em> group which the ADL had targeted! Evidence seized from Bullock&#8217;s computer indicate that the ADL was using him to compile data on individuals belonging to <em>over 950 groups</em> &#8211; and Bullock is just <em>one</em> agent. The rest of that iceberg must be most impressive.</p>
<p>As for Gerard himself &#8212; whom the ADL had sent on an all-expenses-paid trip to Israel two years before his arrest &#8212; he pleaded no contest to a <em>misdemeanor charge of unauthorized use of a police computer</em> and was sentenced to three years&#8217; probation, 45 days in jail, and a $2,500 fine.</p>
<p>The <em>New York Daily News</em> for 9th April, 1993 informs us that these were no &#8220;rogue&#8221; agents &#8212; the illegal spying was controlled directly from the ADL&#8217;s central office in New York City:</p>
<p>&#8220;Police in San Francisco and Los Angeles yesterday seized documents from a prominent Jewish-American organization accused of amassing confidential information &#8212; sometimes illegally &#8212; on thousands of people in the United States.</p>
<p>&#8220;The alleged operation was directed from the New York City offices of the Anti-Defamation League of B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith, ABC News reported last night.</p>
<p>&#8220;The ADL has long been one of the most respected civil rights organizations in the country, tracking hate crimes and exposing prejudice.</p>
<p>&#8220;But ABC said that for several decades the spying operation has snooped into the records and activities of more than 10,000 people in the United States, including many who simply opposed the policies of Israel and South Africa&#8230;.</p>
<p>&#8220;The report identified the leader of the intelligence ring as Irwin Suall.</p>
<p>&#8220;Sources told the <em>Daily News</em> that Suall is one of about 15 people in the ADL&#8217;s research department in Manhattan. Neither Suall or other ADL officials could be reached for comment.</p>
<p>&#8220;&#8216;We&#8217;re talking about the use of information from Department of Motor Vehicles files, other confidential files of state and local agencies, illegally furnished and illegally received by private agencies,&#8217; San Francisco District Attorney Arlo Smith told ABC.&#8221; ( Mark Mooney, <em>New York Daily News</em>, 9 April, 1993)</p>
<p>Irwin Suall, the former National Secretary of the Socialist Party of America, was the chief of the &#8220;fact-finding&#8221; (that is, espoionage) division of the ADL from 1967 to 1997. According to the <em>Baltimore Sentinel</em> for September, 1993 &#8220;In a memo dated July, 1992, Suall praised Roy Bullock as &#8220;our number one investigator&#8221; &#8212; just months before Bullock&#8217;s illegal activities were exposed. (&#8220;Is the Anti-Defamation League of B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith Spying on You?&#8221;, Bill Hughes, <em>Baltimore Sentinel</em>, September 1993)</p>
<p>According to the <em>Washington Report on Middle East Affairs</em>, the ADL offered money to corrupt law enforcement officers and officials in return for illegally-obtained personal information that was supposed to have been destroyed. How many of these corrupt officials were never prosecuted, and how many were recruited during the &#8220;educational&#8221; conferences, and trips to Israel, arranged for them by the ADL&#8217;s law enforcement liaison division? The <em>Report</em> states:</p>
<p>&#8220;After COINTELPRO, a still-controversial FBI operation to destabilize black nationalist and other groups in the &#8217;60s and &#8217;70s, the FBI, state and local law enforcement authorities were ordered out of the business of gathering information about legitimate political activity by American citizens. But in some major American cities, law enforcement files relating to legitimate and Constitutionally protected political activities that had been ordered destroyed<em> instead found their way to the offices of the ADL</em>, which quickly became a clearinghouse for such illegally obtained and illegally retained information.</p>
<p>&#8220;The absence of the FBI, state, and local police investigators in the field therefore created a void the ADL rushed to fill, with remarkable success, by increasing its in-house &#8216;fact-finding&#8217; assets and capabilities and developing enhanced working relationships with &#8216;official friends&#8221; &#8212; government officials, investigators, and intelligence officers. Some of these were the officials who had not destroyed files of illegally obtained materials, or had made private copies of the official files before they were destroyed in compliance with the court order.</p>
<p><b>&#8220;</b>The ADL favored many of its &#8216;official friends&#8217; with expense-paid trips to Israel, where they met with and were entertained by friendly officers of Israel&#8217;s espionage and counter-intelligence organizations, Mossad and Shin Bet, thus creating a major conduit for the flow of sensitive and useful U.S. domestic political intelligence to Israel&#8217;s spymasters in Tel Aviv.&#8221; (&#8220;<a href="http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/181-washington-report-archives-1994-1999/december-1999/9255-los-angeles-court-hands-down-final-judgment-in-anti-defamation-league-illegal-surveillance-case.html" class="broken_link">Los Angeles Court Hands Down Final Judgment in Anti-Defamation League Illegal Surveillance Case</a>,&#8221; <em>Washington Report on Middle East Affairs</em>, December 1999)</p>
<p>Despite its obvious &#8212; and admitted &#8212; ties with the state of Israel, and its agenda of advancing Israel&#8217;s policy objectives, and gaining power to blackmail or otherwise intimidate perceived enemies of Israel, the ADL has never been required to register as a foreign agent as other, far more benign, organizations have been required to do.</p>
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<dd><em>Arnold Forster, right, with Yitzhak Shamir</em></dd>
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<p>ADL&#8217;s former National Director Benjamin Epstein, in an internal letter disclosed during discovery proceedings in a lawsuit against the ADL in 1970, spoke with pride about the close cooperation that existed between the ADL and Israel&#8217;s intelligence apparatus. In his 1988 autobiography, ADL general counsel Arnold Forster specifically named the Mossad as as having a close connection with the League . The Mossad routinely engages in political assassinations of those it deems to be &#8220;Israel&#8217;s enemies&#8221; around the world. (<i>Square One,</i> Arnold Forster. New York: Donald I. Fine, 1988)</p>
<p><strong>More Than Just Spying?</strong></p>
<p>According to investigator William Norman Grigg, Bullock did much more than spy for his ADL bosses: &#8220;In 1993, it was discovered that Roy Bullock had been attempting to arrange a political marriage between the <a href="http://ihr.org">Institute for Historical Review</a>, a holocaust revisionist organization, and the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (AADC) so the ADL could â€˜out&#8217; [AADC] members as neo-Nazis.&#8221; (William Norman Grigg, &#8220;ADL Campaign Against Tolerance,&#8221; <em>New American</em>, September 19, 1994)</p>
<p>But it wasn&#8217;t just Bullock, and it wasn&#8217;t just setting victims up for bigger and better smears. One ADL <em>agent provocateur</em> had a role as a leader and speaker for groups targeted by the ADL &#8212; doubtlessly steering the clueless radicals in directions helpful to the ADL agenda and against their own interests. And he also staged completely phony &#8220;extremist incidents&#8221; for the media to inflame fears of &#8220;racism&#8221; and &#8220;anti-Semitic&#8221; violence.</p>
<p>Investigative journalist Laird Wilcox tells us: &#8220;James Mitchell Rosenberg, a career infiltrator for the Anti-Defamation League, regularly attended and was a speaker at Ku Klux Klan rallies and meetings of the Mountain Church in Cohoctah, MI, considered a gathering place for neo-Nazis of all kinds. For the benefit of television reporters, Rosenberg also posed as a leader of a para-military group called the &#8216;Christian Patriot&#8217;s Defense League&#8217; which was the subject of a breathless exposÃ© entitled &#8216;Armies of the Right.&#8217; In 1981, Rosenberg and an associate were arrested on a New York City rooftop and charged with carrying an unregistered rifle. The two were posing as paramilitary extremists for a photographic fabrication exaggerating the threat from the far right. The charges were subsequently dropped at the request [of] the ADL&#8217;s Irwin Suall, Rosenberg&#8217;s direct supervisor.&#8221; (<em>The Watchdogs</em>, Laird Wilcox, Editorial Research Service, Olathe, Kansas, 1998)</p>
<p>And these are just the ADL agents who have come to public attention and been exposed in the newspapers. Do you really believe that they were rare, exceptional cases? Or were they part of a much, much larger coordinated operation? With its multimillion-dollar budget and cozy relationship with corrupt law enforcement officials &#8212; and with murderous intelligence agencies and their unfathomably deep pockets &#8212; how many undiscovered agents does the ADL employ, and what might their functions be?</p>
<p><strong>Seeing Anti-Semitism Where There Is None</strong></p>
<p>In Denver, Colorado in 1994, an argument over pets and garden plants betweeen two couples &#8212; next door neighbors &#8212; became the focus of ADL public relations and legal action because of the alleged &#8220;anti-Semitism&#8221; of one of the couples toward the other, who were Jewish.</p>
<p>Candace and Mitchell Aronson were the Jewish neighbors of William and Dorothy Quigley.</p>
<p>The Aronsons used a VHF scanner radio to listen in on the cordless telephone conversations of the Quigleys. They heard Mrs. Quigley discuss with a friend &#8212; it turns out, in joking tones &#8212; a possible campaign to drive the Aronsons from the neighborhood by frightening them with &#8220;pictures of ovens&#8221; and throwing gas at one of the Aronson&#8217;s children. Mrs. Quigley was also heard &#8220;wishing that the Aronsons would be killed in a suicide bombing.&#8221; Although the conversations were obviously facetious, and at one point Mrs. Quigley even said she was saying some &#8220;sick&#8221; things, the Aronsons decided to contact the Denver office of the ADL.</p>
<p>Upon the advice of the ADL, the Aronsons began recording the Quigleys&#8217; private telephone conversations &#8212; an illegal act. Astoundingly, ADL attorneys then advised the Aronsons to use the illegal recordings as the basis for a federal civil lawsuit against the Quigleys for &#8220;ethnic intimidation.&#8221; Meanwhile, the ADL defamation and PR machine geared up to &#8220;expose&#8221; yet another &#8220;anti-Semitic incident&#8221; and, not coincidentally, totally ruin the Quigleys&#8217; lives.</p>
<p>Saul Rosenthal, Regional Director of the ADL, appeared at a news conference describing the Quigleys as engaging in &#8220;a vicious anti-Semitic campaign.&#8221; Rosenthal also appeared in local media making the same claims, and succesfully urged local prosecutors to use the tape recordings in filing <em>criminal charges</em> against the Quigleys.</p>
<p>The Quigleys became pariahs in their own community, receiving so many threats that they felt compelled to hire security guards. Animal feces was sent to their home. Mr. Quigley&#8217;s lost his job at United Artists. The family had to drive long distances to shop in stores where they would not be recognized.</p>
<p>However, the cases against them quickly began to fall apart. The local prosecutor dropped the charges upon hearing the obviously non-threatening nature of the conversations. He even apologized to the Quigleys and publicly stated that the accusations against them were untrue. The federal case was dead because the recordings were themselves illegal and therefore inadmissible,</p>
<p>The Quigleys countersued the ADL, Rosenthal, the Aronsons, and two ADL volunteer attorneys. Ultimately the Quigleys received a judgement of some $12 million, including interest, in their favor for the devastation that the Aronsons and the ADL had caused in their lives. (By the way, the Quigleys employed a Jewish lawyer, Jay Horowitz, to argue their case.)</p>
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<dd><em>Meyer Lansky</em></dd>
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<p>The ADL probably lost this one case only because they were not fully conversant with wiretap law. Had they not tripped up on that technicality, they, their well-funded attorneys, and their massive PR machine (aided by an ADL-friendly media) would have prevailed and the Quigleys would have been forgotten, impoverished, possibly imprisoned, and without recourse. How many other cases have there been? &#8212; how many unsung victims of the ADL have suffered that fate &#8212; or worse?</p>
<p><strong>Crime Connections</strong></p>
<p>The ADL operates much like an organized crime gang, as their intimidation and in-your-face life-ruining tactics make clear. And that&#8217;s not just a result of &#8220;overzealousness&#8221; or an unreasoning fear of persecution. The ADL has direct connections to numerous notorious crime figures:</p>
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<dd><em>Moe Dalitz</em></dd>
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<p><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Lansky">Meyer Lansky</a>, one of the architects of modern organized crime</strong> in the United States and connected woth &#8220;Murder, Incorporated,&#8221; was a strong supporter of and donor to the ADL. His granddaughter, Mira Lansky Boland, was an ADL official &#8212; ironically, her position is listed as &#8220;liaison to law enforcement.&#8221; She arranged expense-paid luxury tours to Israel, the world capital of sex trafficking, for certain key law enforcement officials who had &#8220;something to offer&#8221; the ADL in return &#8212; among them Tom Gerard.</p>
<p><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe_Dalitz">Moe Dalitz</a>, organized crime boss of Las Vegas</strong>, was a long-time supporter of the ADL and a close friend of Meyer Lansky. In 1982, Dalitz received the &#8220;Torch of Liberty&#8221; award from the ADL.</p>
<p><strong>Theodore Silbert, mafia front man</strong> worked simultaneously for the ADL and the Sterling National Bank (a mafia operation controlled by the Lansky syndicate).</p>
<p><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Milken">Michael Milken</a>, convicted financial criminal</strong> of &#8220;junk bond&#8221; fame, was a major contributor to the ADL.</p>
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<dd><em>Marc Rich</em></dd>
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<p><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Rich">Marc Rich</a>, international fugitive and financial criminal</strong> was hiding out in Switzerland to avoid prosecution for his crimes when he wrote a check for $100,000 to the ADL, who then proceeded to pull the necessary strings. He was then pardoned by President Bill Clinton on his last day in office. Rich later admitted he had worked with the ADL-linked Mossad for years, and Israeli officials also intervened on his behalf with Clinton.</p>
<p><strong> Jewish Critiques</strong></p>
<p>The ADL routinely smears those who have criticized its goals and methods by calling them &#8220;anti-Semites&#8221; &#8212; an amazing, invented word, by the way: No other ethnicity, so far as I know, has created a comparable neologism to demonize, isolate, and ostracize its critics. But so outrageous has been the behavior of the ADL that it has garnered much criticism from Jewish writers, activists, and dissenters from the &#8220;mainstream&#8221; Jewish establishment.</p>
<p><strong>Noam Chomsky, leftist Jewish activist and Professor of Linguistics at MIT on the ADL:</strong> &#8220;[O]ne of the ugliest, most powerful pressure groups in the U.S&#8230; Its primary commitment is to use any technique, however dishonest and disgraceful, in order to defame and silence and destroy anybody who dares to criticize the Holy State (&#8216;Israel&#8217;)&#8230;&#8221; &#8220;[The ADL is] engaged in surveillance, blacklisting, compilation of FBI-style files circulated to adherents for the purpose of defamation, angry public responses to criticism of Israeli actions, and so on. These efforts, buttressed by insinuations of anti-Semitism or direct accusations, are intended to deflect or undermine opposition to Israeli policies&#8230;&#8221;</p>
<p><strong>Robert Friedman, liberal Jewish journalist, says of the ADL</strong>: &#8220;[T]he largest private spy agency in America&#8230; Through its 31 offices across the country, the ADL monitors school curricula, library acquisition lists, and public conferences and symposiums, working behind the scenes to stifle intellectual freedom.&#8221; (Robert I. Friedman, &#8220;The Jewish Thought Police&#8221;, <em>Village Voice</em>, July 27, 1993)</p>
<p><strong>Norman Finkelstein, Jewish author and academic</strong>, says of the ADL&#8217;s long-time director Abraham Foxman that he is &#8220;a hoodlum and a thug.&#8221; (<em>Defamation</em>, video documentary, 1999 &#8212; see link in references)</p>
<p><strong>Monty Warner, conservative Jewish writer and director of the Center for the Study of Popular Culture</strong>, says that &#8220;the ADL has devolved into an opportunistic, intolerant, grief-grubbing stench&#8221; and says of ADL boss Abraham Foxman that he is &#8220;a disgrace to my religion.&#8221;</p>
<p><strong>Rabbi Daniel Lapin, president of Toward Traditio</strong>n, a Jewish religious group called ADL leader Abraham Foxman &#8220;Our own worst enemy.&#8221; Toward Tradition said it picked Foxman &#8220;from among other representatives of the Anti-Semitism industry&#8221; because of his pivotal role in former president Clinton&#8217;s pardon of fugitive Jewish financial criminal Marc Rich: &#8220;After the ADL received a $100,000 check from the Rich Foundation, Foxman wrote to Bill Clinton urging the pardon.&#8221;</p>
<p><strong>Midge Decter, Dennis Prager, and 75 prominent Jewish writers and leaders</strong> issued a public statement in 1994 charging the ADL with &#8220;engaging in defamation&#8221; in the ADL&#8217;s attacks on rightists and Christians, routinely using &#8220;such discreditable techniques as insinuation and guilt by association&#8221; by finding and publicizing &#8220;links&#8221; between its targets and allegedly more radical (read: already smeared) figures in its voluminous dossiers of personal information obtained largely through espionage.</p>
<p><strong>Steve Zeltzer, Jewish labor activist</strong> and himself a victim of ADL spying, states of the ADL: &#8220;They have always had enemies lists, and they have always wanted to control the flow of information.&#8221;</p>
<p><strong>The ADL and the post-9/11 National Security State</strong></p>
<p>Post-9/11 hysteria led Americans into illegal and unjustified wars in the Middle East and has brought us such unconstitutional erosions of our rights as the misnamed Patriot Act and its secret laws, secret courts, secret trials, and secret prisons; the massive illegal spying operations of the NSA and other agencies; and the maintenance of a &#8220;kill list&#8221; under which anyone on Earth can be marked for death by the President. Within months after the attacks, the ADL had already organized conferences to &#8220;help&#8221; the secret police take advantage of their new ill-gotten powers &#8212; as this ADL press release makes clear:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">ADL Press Release &#8211; June 6, 2002</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">More than 500 representatives of federal, state and local law enforcement agencies were briefed on extremist and terrorist threats during a daylong conference co-sponsored by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">The May 31 program, held at the FBI Academy in Quantico, VA, was an outgrowth of ADL&#8217;s longtime involvement in providing information and training to law enforcement on threats posed by extremists. The conference, &#8220;Extremist and Terrorist Threats: Protecting America After 9/11? included presentations from ADL, FBI and other nationally recognized experts on extremist groups, investigative techniques, counterterrorism strategies, domestic security and threat assessment.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">&#8220;Now more than ever, law enforcement must have the resources and know-how to prevent future acts of terrorism,&#8221; said Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director. &#8220;In order to assess threats against the United States, law enforcement must have credible information about domestic and foreign extremists whose rhetoric promotes violence. Through our network of regional offices and our experts in the field, ADL is uniquely suited to aid in the war against terrorism. This conference was an opportunity for law enforcement and extremism watchdogs to compare notes and forge alliances.&#8221;</p>
<p>Somehow I doubt that Roy Bullock&#8217;s name was brought up at the meeting.</p>
<p><strong>Rabbi Spitz&#8217;s Vision</strong></p>
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<dd><em>Rabbi Spitz</em></dd>
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<p>It seems that the &#8220;Anti-Defamation League&#8221; has taken to heart the words of Rabbi Leon Spitz, writing in <em>The American Hebrew</em> of March 1, 1946: &#8220;American Jews too must come to grips with our contemporary anti-Semites. We must fill our jails with anti-Semitic gangsters, we must fill our insane asylums with anti-Semitic lunatics, we must combat every alien Jew-hater, we must harass and prosecute our Jew baiters to the extreme limits of the laws, we must humble and shame our anti-Semitic hoodlums to such an extent that none will wish to dare to become â€˜fellow-travelers&#8217;.&#8221; (&#8220;Glamorous Purim Formula,&#8221; Rabbi Leon Spitz, <em>The American Hebrew</em>, March 1, 1946)</p>
<p>Spitz is speaking in coded language, but the veil is rather thin. He&#8217;s not talking about prosecuting criminals<em> per se</em>, for the whole force of law enforcement was already doing that when he spoke.</p>
<p>He&#8217;s calling for for especially intense scrutiny of perceived &#8220;anti-Semites&#8221; by law enforcement, and the use of any and all technical violations that might be discovered to prosecute them. In our law-happy society, it&#8217;s doubtful that anyone could escape such close scrutiny unscathed &#8212; Google the Internet meme &#8220;three felonies a day&#8221; if you don&#8217;t believe me.</p>
<p>He doesn&#8217;t actually believe that gangsters are disproportionately &#8220;anti-Semitic&#8221; &#8212; in fact, no one has ever alleged that. What he&#8217;s saying is that the perceived enemies of the Jewish people should be criminalized in the public mind and in the minds of law enforcement officers so that they will be treated like gangsters. And that, in fact, is what the ADL has done, with their close liaisons with police (and secret police) authorities, alerting them to the &#8220;dangers&#8221; of patriot militia &#8220;hate groups,&#8221; traditionalist religious groups, alleged &#8220;neo-Nazis,&#8221; and the like &#8212; those whom the ADL sees as vociferous critics of Israel or Jewish power. In fact, few of these groups have any desire to harm Jews in any way, though they may criticize the ADL, Israel, or other parts of the Jewish establishment.</p>
<p>Criticism of Jews <em>as</em> Jews, or public doubt of their tales of suffering in World War 2, is a prosecutable offense in some countries today, in part due to the lobbying activities of the ADL and its allies.</p>
<p>Spitz doesn&#8217;t actually believe that his perceived enemies are insane, and therefore belong in asylums. (Elsewhere in his article he credits them with only with avarice, jealousy, and hatred.) He is intimating, though, that they will by some means be redefined as insane and literally fill the asylums. The mass media, heavily influenced by the ADL and disproportionately staffed with Jews, do present caricatured portraits of &#8220;conspiracy theorists&#8221; and &#8220;racists&#8221; who dislike Jews, and it is often implied that they are lunatics, &#8220;evil geniuses,&#8221; or some dangerous mix of the two. Critics of Jewish power today are never, to my knowledge, ever presented in a sympathetic manner by the media.</p>
<p>When Rabbi Spitz tells his fellows that &#8220;we must harass and prosecute our Jew baiters to the extreme limits of the laws, we must humble and shame our anti-Semitic hoodlums to such an extent that none will wish to dare to become â€˜fellow-travelers&#8217;,&#8221; he is telling us that the laws must be stretched to their &#8220;extreme limits&#8221; to prosecute &#8212; and harass! &#8212; those who criticize Jews in order to &#8220;humble&#8221; them and shame them &#8212; that is, ruin their reputations &#8212; so that <em>no one</em> will dare to join them, publicly share their opinions, or value their friendship. This has nothing to do with enforcing the laws equally for all &#8212; and everything to do with destroying lives and suppressing the freedom to speak and organize through pure intimidation. Though <em>The American Hebrew</em> was not an ADL publication, and I don&#8217;t know if the good rabbi supported the ADL, I think it&#8217;s fair to say that his view represented a significant and influential strain in American Jewish thought in the aftermath of World War 2, a strain eagerly taken up by the ADL. Spitz&#8217;s hatefully poetic words are in the League&#8217;s spirit, and, considering the League&#8217;s ongoing, lavishly-funded, and largely successful defamation of those they label &#8220;anti-Semites,&#8221; perhaps Rabbi Spitz should be regarded as a kind of latter-day prophet, with the ADL his Heavenly Host of Hate.</p>
<p><strong>References</strong></p>
<p>&#8220;<a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/2013/04/100-reasons-proving-leo-frank-is-guilty/">100 Reasons Leo Frank is Guilty</a>,&#8221;<em> The American Mercury</em>, 26 April 2013</p>
<p>&#8220;<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/1993-04-10/news/mn-21353_1_adl">ADL Vows to Cooperate With Spy Investigation</a>,&#8221; <em>Los Angeles Times,</em> 9 April, 1993</p>
<p>&#8220;<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/1993-04-13/news/mn-22383_1_spy-operation">New Details of Extensive ADL Spy Operation Emerge</a>,&#8221; <em>Los Angeles Times,</em> 13 April, 1993</p>
<p>&#8220;Police Seize Documents from Jewish Group,&#8221; Mark Mooney, <em>New York Daily News</em>, 9 April, 1993</p>
<p>&#8220;Is the Anti-Defamation League of B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith Spying on You?&#8221;, Bill Hughes, <em>Baltimore Sentinel</em>, September 1993</p>
<p>&#8220;<a href="http://www.wrmea.org/wrmea-archives/181-washington-report-archives-1994-1999/december-1999/9255-los-angeles-court-hands-down-final-judgment-in-anti-defamation-league-illegal-surveillance-case.html" class="broken_link">Los Angeles Court Hands Down Final Judgment in Anti-Defamation League Illegal Surveillance Case</a>,&#8221; <em>Washington Report on Middle East Affairs</em>, December 1999</p>
<p><i>Square One,</i> Arnold Forster. New York: Donald I. Fine, 1988</p>
<p>&#8220;ADL Campaign Against Tolerance,&#8221; William Norman Grigg, <em>New American</em>, September 19, 1994</p>
<p><em>The Watchdogs</em>, Laird Wilcox, Editorial Research Service, Olathe, Kansas, 1998</p>
<p>&#8220;The Jewish Thought Police,&#8221; Robert I. Friedman, <em>Village Voice</em>, July 27, 1993</p>
<p>&#8220;Glamorous Purim Formula,&#8221; Rabbi Leon Spitz, <em>The American Hebrew</em>, March 1, 1946</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p>
<p>MAKE SURE to <a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/?s=%22leo+frank%22">check out the FULL <em>American Mercury</em> series on the Leo Frank case by clicking here</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Resources</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://archive.adl.org/annual_report.asp" class="broken_link">Annual Report of the ADL</a></p>
<p><a href="https://archive.org/details/Defamation">&#8220;Defamation&#8221;: A Jewish filmmaker&#8217;s interesting study of &#8220;anti-Semitism&#8221; and the ADL (video, 90 minutes)</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>Did Leo Frank Confess?</title>
		<link>https://theamericanmercury.org/2012/09/did-leo-frank-confess/</link>
					<comments>https://theamericanmercury.org/2012/09/did-leo-frank-confess/#comments</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ann Hendon]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 03 Sep 2012 23:35:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ADL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anti-Defamation League]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anti-Semitism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[B'nai B'rith]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jim Conley]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Leo Frank]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mark Cohen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mary Phagan]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://theamericanmercury.org/?p=1345</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[On the 99th anniversary of the verdict, we examine the murder of Mary Phagan and the trial of Leo Frank (Illustration: autopsy photo). by Mark Cohen THE CENTURY-OLD &#8220;cold case&#8221; Mary Phagan murder mystery &#8212; the violent rape and murder of teenager Mary Phagan and the subsequent lynching of the convicted killer, Jewish businessman Leo Frank &#8212; has now been <a class="more-link" href="https://theamericanmercury.org/2012/09/did-leo-frank-confess/">Continue Reading &#8594;</a>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>On the 99th anniversary of the verdict, we examine the murder of Mary Phagan and the trial of Leo Frank (Illustration: autopsy photo).</em></p>
<p>by Mark Cohen</p>
<p>THE CENTURY-OLD &#8220;cold case&#8221; Mary Phagan murder mystery &#8212; the violent rape and murder of teenager Mary Phagan and the subsequent lynching of the convicted killer, Jewish businessman Leo Frank &#8212; has now been conclusively solved by scholars using the extensive 1913 official investigation and trial records. In this once-in-a-lifetime event, the publishing, mass media, and academic establishments &#8212; who have for decades promoted the conspiracy theory that anti-Semites framed Frank for the crime because he was Jewish &#8212; have been proven to be wrong <em>by the statements of Leo Frank himself</em>.</p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1157">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leo-Frank.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Leo Frank" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leo-Frank-300x450.jpg" alt="" width="259" height="389" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Leo Frank</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>In addition to being an executive of Atlanta&#8217;s National Pencil Company, Leo Frank was also a B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith official &#8212; president of the 500-member Gate City Lodge in 1912 &#8212; and even after his conviction and incarceration Frank was elected lodge president again in 1913. As a direct result of the Leo Frank conviction, the B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith founded their well-known and politically powerful &#8220;Anti-Defamation League,&#8221; or ADL.</p>
<p>At the climax of the Leo Frank trial, an admission was made by the defendant that amounted to a confession during trial. How many times in the annals of US legal history has this happened? Something very unusual happened during the month-long <em>People v. Leo M. Frank</em> murder trial, held within Georgia&#8217;s Fulton County Superior Courthouse in the Summer of 1913. I&#8217;m going to show you evidence that Mr. Leo Max Frank inadvertently revealed the solution to the Mary Phagan murder mystery.</p>
<p>When Leo Frank mounted the witness stand on Monday afternoon, August 18, 1913, at 2:15 pm, he orally delivered an unsworn, four-hour, pre-written statement to the 250 people present.</p>
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<dl id="attachment_1158">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leo-Frank-Trial.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Leo Frank Trial" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leo-Frank-Trial-500x418.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="418" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>The Leo Frank trial</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p><strong>Epic Trial of 20th Century Southern History</strong></p>
<p>The audience sat in the grandstand seats of the most spectacular murder trial in the annals of Georgia history. Nestled deep within the pews of the Fulton County Superior Court were the luckiest of public spectators, defense and prosecution witnesses, journalists, officials, and courtroom staff.</p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1147">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/solicitor-general-hugh-m-dorsey.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Solicitor General Hugh M. Dorsey" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/solicitor-general-hugh-m-dorsey-300x399.jpg" alt="" width="234" height="311" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Hugh M. Dorsey</em></dd>
</dl>
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<p>Like gladiators in an arena, in the center of it all, with their backs to the audience, seated in ladder-back chairs, were the most important principals. They were the State of Georgia&#8217;s prosecution team, made up of three members, led by Solicitor General Hugh M. Dorsey and Frank Arthur Hooper. Arrayed against them were eight Leo Frank defense counselors, led by Luther Z. Rosser and Reuben Rose Arnold. The presiding judge, the Honorable Leonard Strickland Roan, sitting in a high-backed leather chair, was separated by the witness stand from the jury of 12 white men who were sworn to justly decide the fate of Leo Frank.</p>
<p>Crouched and sandwiched between the judge&#8217;s bench and the witness chair, sitting on the lip of the bench&#8217;s foot rail, was a stenographer capturing the examinations. Stenographers clicked away throughout the trial and were changed regularly in relays.</p>
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<dl id="attachment_1159">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Reuben-R-Arnold.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Reuben R Arnold" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Reuben-R-Arnold-300x395.jpg" alt="" width="234" height="308" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Reuben R. Arnold</em></dd>
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<p>Surrounding the four major defense and prosecution counselors were an entourage of uniformed police, plainclothes detectives, undercover armed security men, government staff, and magistrates.</p>
<p>The first day of the Leo Frank trial began on Monday morning, July 28, 1913, and led to many days of successively more horrifying revelations. But the most interesting day of the trial occurred three weeks later when Leo Frank sat down in the witness stand on Monday afternoon, August 18, 1913.</p>
<p><strong>The Moment Everyone Was Waiting For</strong></p>
<p>What Leo Frank had to say to the court became the spine-tingling climax of the most notorious criminal trial in US history, and it was the moment everyone in all of Georgia, especially Atlanta, had waited for.</p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1143">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leo-Frank-Colliers-Weekly.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Leo Frank - Collier's Weekly" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leo-Frank-Colliers-Weekly-300x434.png" alt="" width="259" height="374" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Leo Frank posing for Collier&#8217;s Weekly. The photo would later become the front cover for the book <a href="http://www.leofrank.org/the-truth-about-the-leo-frank-case/">The Truth About the Frank Case</a> by C.P. Connolly. In the picture, the fingertips of Leo Frank&#8217;s left hand are firmly clasped around the base of a cigar, vertically projecting upward from his groin region. The significance of Leo Frank&#8217;s left fist would be revealed when the <a href="http://www.leofrank.org/mary-phagan-autopsy/">Mary Phagan autopsy,</a> conducted on Monday, May 5, 1913, by Dr. H. F. Harris, was reported during the Leo Frank trial.</em></dd>
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</div>
<p>Judge Roan explained to the jury the unique circumstances and rules concerning the unsworn statement Leo M. Frank was to make. Then, at 2:14 pm, Leo Frank was called to speak. When he mounted the stand, a hush fell as 250 spellbound people closed ranks and leaned forward expectantly. They were more than just speechless: They were literally breathless, transfixed, sitting on the edges of their seats, waiting with great anticipation for every sentence, every word, that came forth from the mouth of Leo Frank.</p>
<p>But listening to his long speech became challenging at times. He had a reputation as a &#8220;gas jet&#8221; from his college days (see his college yearbook entry), and he lived up to it now with dense, mind-numbing verbiage.</p>
<p><strong>Three Out of Nearly Four Hours: Distractions and Endless Pencil Calculations</strong></p>
<p>To bring his major points home during his almost four-hour speech, Leo Frank presented original pages of his accounting books to the jury. For three hours he went over, in detail, the accounting computations he had made on the afternoon of April 26, 1913. This was meant to show the court that he had been far too busy to have murdered Mary Phagan on that day nearly 15 weeks before.</p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1144">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/leo-frank-college-yearbook-.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Leo Frank's college yearbook entry" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/leo-frank-college-yearbook--500x273.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="273" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Leo Frank&#8217;s reputation as a &#8220;hot air artist&#8221; &#8212; and service as a debating coach &#8212; shown in his college yearbook entry</em></dd>
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</div>
<p>One point emphasized by the defense was how long it took Frank to do the accounting books: Was it an hour and a half as some said, or three hours? Can either answer ever be definitive, though? No matter how quickly one accountant works, is it beyond belief that another could be twice as fast?</p>
<p><strong>The Ultimate Question Waiting to be Answered</strong></p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1149">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/miss-monteen-stover-leo-frank-1913.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Miss Monteen Stover" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/miss-monteen-stover-leo-frank-1913.jpg" alt="" width="166" height="231" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Monteen Stover</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>The most important unanswered question in the minds of everyone at the trial was this: <em>Where had Leo Frank gone between 12:05 pm and 12:10 pm on Saturday, April 26, 1913?</em> This was the crucial question because Monteen Stover had testified she found Leo Frank&#8217;s office empty during this five-minute time segment — and Leo Frank had told police he never left his office during that time. And the evidence had already shown that Mary Phagan was murdered sometime between 12:05 and 12:15 pm in the Metal Room of the same factory where Leo Frank was present.</p>
<p>There weren&#8217;t a plethora of suspects in the building: April 26, 1913, was a state holiday in Georgia &#8212; Confederate Memorial Day &#8212; and the factory and offices were closed down, except for a few employees coming in to collect their pay and two men doing construction work on an upper floor.</p>
<p>Two investigators had testified that Leo Frank gave them the alibi that he had <em>never</em> left his office from noon until after 12:45. If Leo Frank&#8217;s alibi held up, then he couldn&#8217;t have killed Mary Phagan.</p>
<p>Everyone wanted to know how Leo Frank would respond to the contradictory testimony clashing with his alibi. And, after rambling about near-irrelevancies for hours, he did: Frank stated &#8212; in complete contradiction to his numerous earlier statements that he&#8217;d never left his office &#8212; that he might have &#8220;unconsciously&#8221; gone to the bathroom during that time &#8212; <em>placing him in the only bathroom on that floor of the building, the Metal Room bathroom, which is where Jim Conley stated he had first found the lifeless body of little Mary Phagan, and immediately adjacent to the Metal Room proper, where Mary Phagan&#8217;s blood was found, and where the prosecution had spent weeks proving that the murder had actually taken place.</em></p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1150">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Paul-Donehoo.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Paul Donehoo" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Paul-Donehoo-238x600.jpg" alt="" width="167" height="420" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Paul Donehoo</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>This was doubly amazing because weeks earlier Leo Frank had emphatically told the seven-man panel led by Coroner Paul Donehoo at the Coroners Inquest, that he (Leo Frank) <em>did not use the bathroom all day long</em> &#8212; not that he (Leo Frank) had forgotten, but that <em>he had not gone to the bathroom at all</em>. The visually-blind but prodigious savant Coroner Paul Donehoo &#8212; with his highly-refined &#8220;B.S. detector&#8221; was incredulous as might be expected. Who doesn&#8217;t use the bathroom all day long? It was as if Leo Frank was mentally and physically, albeit crudely and unbelievably, trying to distance himself from the bathroom where Jim Conley said he found the body.</p>
<p>Furthermore, Leo Frank had told detective Harry Scott &#8212; witnessed by a police officer named Black &#8212; that he (Leo Frank) was in his office <em>every minute from noon to half past noon</em>, and in State&#8217;s Exhibit B (Frank&#8217;s stenographed statement to the police), Leo Frank never mentions a bathroom visit all day.</p>
<p>And now he had reversed himself!</p>
<p>Why would Leo Max Frank make such a startling admission, after spending months trying to distance himself from that part of the building at that precise time? That is a difficult question to answer, but there are clues. 1) The testimony of Monteen Stover (who liked Frank and who was actually a supportive character witness for him) that Frank was missing from his office for those crucial five minutes was convincing. Few could believe that Stover &#8212; looking to pick up her paycheck, and waiting five minutes in the office for an opportunity to do so &#8212; would have been satisfied with a cursory glance at the room and therefore somehow missed Frank behind the open safe door as he had alleged. 2) The evidence suggests that Frank did not always make rational decisions when under stress: Under questioning from investigators, he repeatedly changed the time at which Mary Phagan supposedly came to see him in his office (and State&#8217;s Exhibit B shows that Frank, in the presence of his lawyers, told police that Mary Phagan <em>was in his office with him alone </em>between 12:05 and 12:10 pm); he reportedly confessed his guilt to his wife the day of the murder; he, if guilty, reacted out of all proportion and reason to being spurned by his teenage employee; and he maintained the utterly unbelievable position throughout the case that he did not know Mary Phagan by name, despite indisputably knowing her initials (he wrote them on the company books by hand) and interacting with her hundreds of times.</p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1162">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Mary-Phagan.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Mary Phagan" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Mary-Phagan-300x409.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="409" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Mary Phagan</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Frank had also said (to paraphrase his statement before the racial angle had been brought forward by his defense team) that to the best of his recollection when he was in his second floor office from 12:00 to 12:45 pm, aside from temporary visitors, the only other people continuously in the building he was aware of were Mr. White and Mr. Denham on the fourth floor, banging away and doing construction as they tore down a partition. That&#8217;s it, three people. One can understand investigators, after hearing Frank&#8217;s statement that there were only three people in the building, asking the question:<em> If there are three people in the factory, and two of them didn&#8217;t do it, who is left?</em></p>
<p>Even if only <em>one</em> of these lapses is true as described, it is enough to show a pronounced lack of judgement on Frank&#8217;s part. A man with such impaired judgement may actually have been unable to see that by explaining away his previous untenable (and now exposed as false) position of &#8220;never leaving the office&#8221; with an &#8220;unconscious&#8221; bathroom visit, he was placing himself at the <em>scene</em> of the murder at the <em>precise time</em> of the murder. Thus are men who tell tales undone, even as they fall back upon a partial truth.</p>
<p><strong>Georgia: Right to Refuse Oaths and Examination</strong></p>
<p>Under the Georgia Code, Section 1036, the accused has the right to make an unsworn statement and, furthermore, to refuse to be examined or cross-examined at his trial. Leo Frank made the decision to make an unsworn statement and not allow examination or cross examination.</p>
<p>The law also did not permit Solicitor General Hugh M. Dorsey or his legal team to orally interpret or comment on the fact that Leo Frank was not making a statement sworn under oath at his own murder trial. The prosecution respected this rule.</p>
<p>The jury knew that Leo Frank had had months to carefully prepare his statement. But what was perhaps most damaging to Leo Frank&#8217;s credibility was the fact that <em>every</em> witness at the trial, regardless of whether they were testifying for the defense or prosecution, had been sworn, and therefore spoke under oath, and had been subject to cross-examination by the other side &#8212; <em>except for Leo Frank</em>. Thus it didn&#8217;t matter if the law prevented the prosecution from commenting on the fact Leo Frank had refused cross examination, opting instead to make an unsworn statement, because the jury could see that anyway. Making an unsworn statement and refusing to be examined does not prove that one is guilty, but it certainly raises eyebrows of doubt.</p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1161">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leo-Frank-takes-the-stand.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Leo Frank takes the stand" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leo-Frank-takes-the-stand.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="407" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Leo Frank takes the stand</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p><strong>The South an &#8220;Honor Bound&#8221; Society</strong></p>
<p>Could a sworn jury upholding its sacred duty question Leo Frank&#8217;s honor and integrity as a result of what Southerners likely perceived as his cowardly decision under Georgia Code, Section 1036? If so, greater weight would naturally be given to those witnesses who <em>were</em> sworn under oath and who contradicted Leo Frank&#8217;s unsworn alibis, allegations, and claims. It put the case under a new lens of the sworn versus the unsworn.</p>
<p>The average Southerner in 1913 was naturally asking the question: <em>What white man would make an unsworn statement and not allow himself to be cross-examined at his own murder trial if he were truly innocent?</em> Especially in light of the fact that the South was culturally white separatist &#8212; and two of the major material witnesses who spoke against Leo Frank were African-Americans, one claiming to be an accomplice after the fact turned accuser. In the Atlanta of 1913, African-Americans were perceived as second class citizens and less reliable than whites in terms of their capacity for telling the truth.</p>
<p>Today<strong>,</strong> we might ask: Why wouldn&#8217;t Leo Frank allow himself to be cross examined when he was trained in the art and science of debating during his high school senior year and all through his years in college, where he earned the rank of Cornell Congress Debate Team coach? (<em>Pratt Institute Monthly</em>, June, 1902; <em>Cornellian</em>, 1902 through 1906; <em>Cornell Senior Class Book</em>, 1906; Cornell University Alumni Dossier File on Leo Frank, retrieved 2012)</p>
<p><strong>Odd Discrepancies</strong></p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1151">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Newt-Lee.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Newt Lee" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Newt-Lee-300x358.jpg" alt="" width="240" height="286" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Newt Lee</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Most Leo Frank partisan authors omit significant parts of the trial testimony of Newt Lee and Jim Conley from their retelling of the Leo Frank Case. Both of these black men, former National Pencil Company employees, made clearly damaging statements against Frank.</p>
<p>The evidence Newt Lee brought forward was circumstantial, but intriguing &#8212; and never quite adequately explained by Leo Frank then, or by his defenders now.</p>
<p>He stated that on Friday Evening, April 25, 1913, Frank made a request to him, Lee, that he report to work an hour early at 4:00 pm on Confederate Memorial Day, the next day. The stated reason was that Leo Frank had made a baseball game appointment with his brother-in-law, Mr. Ursenbach, a Gentile who was married to one of Frank&#8217;s wife Lucille&#8217;s older sisters. Leo Frank would eventually give two different reasons at different times as to why he canceled that appointment: 1) he had too much work to do, and 2) he was afraid of catching a cold.</p>
<p>Newt Lee&#8217;s normal expected time at the National Pencil Company factory on Saturdays was 5:00 pm sharp. Lee stated that when he arrived an hour early that fateful Saturday, Leo Frank had forgotten the change because he was in an excited state. Frank, he said, was unlike his normal calm, cool and collected &#8220;boss-man&#8221; self. Normally, if anything was out of order, Frank would command him, saying &#8220;Newt, step in here a minute&#8221; or the like. Instead, Frank burst out of his office, bustling frenetically towards Lee, who had arrived at the second floor lobby at 3:56 pm. Upon greeting each other, Frank requested that Lee go out on the town and &#8220;have a good time&#8221; for two hours and come back at 6:00 pm.</p>
<p>Because Leo Frank asked Newt Lee to come to work one hour early, Lee had lost that last nourishing hour of sleep one needs before waking up fully rejuvenated, so Lee requested of Frank that he allow him to take a nap in the Packing Room (adjacent to Leo Frank&#8217;s front office). But Frank re-asserted that Lee needed to go out and have a good time. Finally, Newt Lee acquiesced and left for two hours.</p>
<p>At trial, Frank would state that he sent Newt Lee out for two hours because he had work to do. When Lee came back, the double doors halfway up the staircase were locked — very unusual, as they had never had been locked before on Saturday afternoons. When Newt Lee unlocked the doors and went into Leo Frank&#8217;s office he witnessed his boss bungling and nearly fumbling the time sheet when trying to put a new one in the punch clock for the night watchman — Lee — to register.</p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1163">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/National-Pencil-Company-building-in-1913.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="National Pencil Company building in 1913" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/National-Pencil-Company-building-in-1913.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="260" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>The National Pencil Company building around 1913</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>It came out before the trial that Newt Lee had earlier been told by Leo Frank that it was a National Pencil Company policy that once the night watchman arrived at the factory — as Lee had the day of the murder at 4:00 pm — he was not permitted to leave the building under any circumstances until he handed over the reigns of security to the day watchman. Company security necessitated being cautious — poverty, and therefore theft, was rife in the South; there were fire risk hazards; and the critical factory machinery was worth a small fortune. Security was a matter of survival.</p>
<p>The two hour timetable rescheduling — the canceled ball game — the inexplicable sudden security rule waiver — the bumbling with a new time sheet — the locked double doors — and Frank&#8217;s suspiciously excited behavior: All were highlighted as suspicious by the prosecution, especially in light of the fact that the &#8220;murder notes&#8221; — found next to Mary Phagan&#8217;s head — physically described Newt Lee, even calling him &#8220;the night witch.&#8221; And, the prosecutor asked, why did Leo Frank later telephone Newt Lee, not once but two or more times, that evening at the factory?</p>
<p><strong>A &#8220;Racist&#8221; Subplot?</strong></p>
<p>The substance of what happened between Newt Lee (and janitor James &#8220;Jim&#8221; Conley — see below) and Leo Frank from April 26, 1913 onward is most often downplayed, censored, or distorted by partisans of Leo Frank.</p>
<p>From the testimony of these two African-American witnesses, we learn of an almost diabolic intrigue calculated to entrap the innocent night watchman Newt Lee. It would have been easy to convict a black man in the white separatist South of that time, where the ultimate crime was a black man having interracial sex with a white woman &#8212; to say nothing of committing battery, rape, strangulation, and mutilation upon her in a scenario right out of <a href="http://archive.org/details/psychopathiasexualis00kraf"><em>Psychopathia Sexualis</em></a>.</p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1148">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Luther-Z-Rosser.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Luther Z. Rosser" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Luther-Z-Rosser-300x375.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="375" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Luther Z. Rosser, for the defense</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>The plot was exquisitely formulated for its intended audience, the twelve white men who would decide Leo Frank&#8217;s fate. It created two layers of African-Americans between Frank and the murder of Mary Phagan. It wouldn&#8217;t take the police long to realize Newt Lee didn&#8217;t commit the murder, and, since the death notes were written in dialect, it would leave the police hunting for another black murderer. As long as Jim Conley kept his mouth shut, he wouldn&#8217;t hang. So the whole plot rested on Jim Conley — and it took the police three weeks to crack him.</p>
<p>The ugly racial element of this defense ploy is rarely mentioned today. The fact that it was Leo Frank, a Jew (and generally considered white in the racial separatist Old South), who first tried to pin the rape and murder of Mary Phagan on the elderly, balding, and married African-American Newt Lee (who had no criminal record to boot) is not something that Frank partisans want to highlight. The Leo Frank cheering section also downplays the racial considerations that made Frank, when his first racially-tinged defense move failed and was abandoned, change course for the last time and formulate a new subplot to pin the crime on Jim Conley, the &#8220;accomplice after the fact.&#8221;</p>
<p>If events had played out as intended, there would have likely been one or two dead black men in the wake of the defense team&#8217;s intrigue.</p>
<p>Jim Conley knew too much. He admitted he had helped the real murderer, Leo Frank, clean up after the fact. To prevent Conley, through extreme fear, from revealing any more about the real solution to the crime, and to discredit him no matter what he did, a new theory was needed. Jim Conley certainly was scared beyond comprehension, knowing what white society did to black men who beat, raped, and strangled white girls.</p>
<p><strong>The Accuser Becomes the Accused</strong></p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1152">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/jim-conley.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Jim Conley" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/jim-conley-300x398.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="398" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Jim Conley</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>The new murder theory posited by the Leo Frank defense was that Jim Conley assaulted Mary Phagan as she walked down the stairs from Leo Frank&#8217;s office. Once Phagan descended to the first floor lobby, they said, she was robbed, then thrown down 14 feet to the basement through the two-foot by two-foot scuttle hole at the side of the elevator. Conley then supposedly went through the scuttle hole himself, climbing down the ladder, dragged the unconscious Mary Phagan to the garbage dumping ground in front of the cellar incinerator (known as the &#8220;furnace&#8221;), where he then raped and strangled her.</p>
<p>But this grotesque racially-tinged framing was to fail in the end &#8212; in part because because physicians noticed that the scratch marks on Mary Phagan&#8217;s face &#8212; she had been dragged face down in the basement &#8212; <em>did not bleed</em>, strongly suggesting she was already quite dead when the dragging took place.</p>
<p>Investigators arranged for a conversation to take place between Leo Frank and Newt Lee, who were intentionally put alone together in a police interrogation room at the Atlanta Police Station. The experiment was to see how Frank would interact with Lee and determine if any new information could be obtained.</p>
<p>Once they thought they were alone, Leo Frank scolded Newt Lee for trying to talk about the murder of Mary Phagan, and said that if Lee kept up that kind of talk, Frank and he would go straight to hell.</p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1164">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leo-and-Lucille-Frank.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Leo and Lucille Frank" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leo-and-Lucille-Frank-300x398.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="398" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Leo Frank in the courtroom; his wife Lucille Frank behind him</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p><strong>Star Witnesses</strong></p>
<p>The Jewish community has crystallized around the notion that Jim Conley was the star witness at the trial, and not 14-year-old Monteen Stover who defended Leo Frank&#8217;s character &#8212; and then inadvertently broke his alibi.</p>
<p>Leo Frank partisans downplay the significance of Monteen Stover&#8217;s trial testimony and Leo Frank&#8217;s attempted rebuttal of her testimony on August 18, 1913. Governor John M. Slaton also ignored the Stover-Frank incident in his 29-page commutation order of June 21, 1915.</p>
<p>Many Frank partisans have chosen to obscure the significance of Monteen Stover by putting all the focus on Jim Conley, and then claiming that without Jim Conley there would have been no conviction of Leo Frank.</p>
<p>Could they be right? Or could Leo Frank have been convicted on the testimony of Monteen Stover, without the testimony of Jim Conley?</p>
<p>It is a question left for speculation only, because no one ever anticipated the significance of Jim Conley telling the jury that he had found Mary Phagan dead in the Metal Room bathroom.</p>
<p>It was not until Leo Frank gave his response to Monteen Stover&#8217;s testimony — his explanation of why his second floor business office was empty on April 26, 1913 between 12:05 pm and 12:10 pm — that everything came together <em>tight and narrow</em>.</p>
<p>Tom Watson resolved the &#8220;no conviction without Conley&#8221; controversy in the September 1915 number of his <em>Watson&#8217;s Magazine</em>, but perhaps it is time for a 21st century explanation to make it clear why even the Georgia Supreme Court ruled that the evidence and testimony of the trial sustained Frank&#8217;s conviction.</p>
<p><strong>August 18, 1913: You Are the Jury</strong></p>
<p>The four-hour-long unsworn statement of Leo Frank was the crescendo of the trial. (Later, just before closing arguments, Frank himself was allowed the last word. He spoke once more on his own behalf, unsworn this time also, for five minutes, denying the testimony of others that he had known Mary Phagan by name and that he had gone into the dressing room for presumably immoral purposes with one of the company&#8217;s other employees.)</p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1145">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leo-Frank-jury.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Leo Frank jury" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leo-Frank-jury-500x279.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="279" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>The jury that convicted Leo Frank</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p><strong>Three Confessions</strong></p>
<p>It is important to understand that Leo Frank&#8217;s startling admission of his presence in the death room at the critical moment did not stand alone in the jury&#8217;s eyes. Conclusive as it was, <em>it was not Frank&#8217;s only confession</em>.</p>
<p>The official record shows Leo Frank confessed to murdering Mary Phagan three times, though he would deny all three.</p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1160">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/conleyj.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-1676" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/conleyj-200x264.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="264" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>James Conley</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p><strong>&#8211; Confession Number One &#8212; April 26, 1913:</strong> Leo Frank&#8217;s murder confession number one was made to Jim Conley when Leo Frank told him he had tried to &#8220;be with her&#8221; (have sexual intercourse with Mary Phagan) and she refused him. According to Conley, Frank then stated he had hit her, knocking her down, then adding &#8220;I guess I struck her too hard and she fell and hit her head against something.&#8221; Some of Mary Phagan&#8217;s bloody hair was discovered on Monday, April 28, 1913, by Robert P. Barret on the handle of a lathe in the second floor Metal Room.</p>
<p><strong>&#8211; Confession Number Two &#8212; April 26, 1913:</strong> According to the McKnight family, Leo Frank confessed to murdering Mary Phagan to his wife Lucille Selig Frank on the evening of April 26, 1913, at around 10:30 pm, saying to his wife that he didn&#8217;t know why he would murder &#8212; and asking his wife for his pistol so he could shoot himself. Lucille reportedly told her family, and her household cook and cleaning lady Minola McKnight, about what happened that evening. Minola McKnight told her husband Albert McKnight, and full documentation can be found in State&#8217;s Exhibit J (see the Appendix to this article). Decades later, Lucille Selig Frank refused to be buried in the Frank family plot next to her husband, leaving explicit instructions to the contrary.</p>
<p><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Lucille-Frank-in-1950.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Lucille Frank, circa 1950" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Lucille-Frank-in-1950-300x373.jpg" alt="" width="231" height="287" /></a></p>
<p><strong>&#8211; Leo Frank Murder Confession Number Three &#8212; August 18, 1913:</strong> This is the &#8220;unconscious bathroom visit&#8221; statement delivered by Frank to the court in his unsworn statement, placing him unequivocally at the murder scene at the critical time. Frank would also reaffirm this admission in a newspaper interview published by the <em>Atlanta Journal-Constitution</em> on March 9th, 1914.</p>
<p><strong>With Mercy &#8212; or Without?</strong></p>
<p>Judge Leonard Strickland Roan gave the jury two options if they found Leo Frank guilty of the crime of murder: â€˜With Mercy&#8217; or â€˜Without Mercy.&#8217; If there was any doubt of Leo M. Frank&#8217;s guilt, the judge and jury could have sentenced him to life in prison instead of sentencing him to death by hanging. When the jury unanimously sentenced Leo Frank to death by hanging after deciding on a verdict of guilt, Judge Roan had the legal option to downgrade the jury&#8217;s death sentence, and only give Leo Frank life in prison — that is, if Roan disagreed with the judgement. But Judge Roan agreed with their collective verdict and recommendation.</p>
<div>
<dl id="attachment_1153">
<dt><a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leonard-Strickland-Roan.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Leonard Strickland Roan" src="https://theamericanmercury.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Leonard-Strickland-Roan-300x403.jpg" alt="" width="216" height="290" /></a></dt>
<dd><em>Judge Leonard Strickland Roan</em></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Many in the Jewish community, and other Leo Frank partisans, have suggested that Judge Roan doubted the verdict because of one of his apparently appeasing comments made orally to his former law partner, Luther Rosser. But if Roan actually doubted the verdict, he could have exercised his power many times to prevent Frank&#8217;s execution, and even given him a new trial if that would have served the cause of justice. But he did none of these things.</p>
<p><strong>You are Hereby Sentenced to Hang on April 17, 1914; Happy Birthday</strong></p>
<p>Certainty of Leo Frank&#8217;s guilt was so strong that &#8212; after reviewing his trial testimony for months, and after the Georgia Supreme Court&#8217;s majority decision upheld Leo Frank&#8217;s conviction and the fairness of his trial &#8212; Judge Benjamin Hill, on March 7, 1914, <em>sentenced him to die on his 30th birthday</em>: April 17, 1914.</p>
<p>Only absolute mathematical certainty of guilt warrants such a cruel sentencing date by a judge.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">MAKE SURE to <a href="https://theamericanmercury.org/?s=%22leo+frank%22">check out the FULL <em>American Mercury</em> series on the Leo Frank case by clicking here</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Appendix: Essential Reading</strong></p>
<p>To gain a full understanding of the Leo Frank case, and the tissue-thin &#8220;anti-Semitic conspiracy&#8221; theories advanced by the media today, it is necessary to read the official record without censorship or selective editing by partisans. Here are the resources which will enable you to do just that.</p>
<p>&#8211; <a title="Complete Brief of Evidence of the Leo Frank Trial Testimony" href="http://www.leofrank.org/murder-trial-testimony/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Leo M. Frank Brief of Evidence, Murder Trial Testimony and Affidavits, 1913</a></p>
<p>&#8211; Leo M. Frank unsworn trial statement (<a title="Leo Frank Trial Testimony as an Unsworn Statement" href="http://www.leofrank.org/leo-m-frank/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">BOE, Leo Frank Trial Statement, August 18, 1913</a>)</p>
<p>&#8211; Leo Frank trial, <a href="http://www.leofrank.org/states-exhibit-b/">State&#8217;s Exhibit B</a></p>
<p>Original State&#8217;s Exhibit B:</p>
<p>Part 1 — <a title="http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0061.jpg" href="http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0061.jpg" target="_blank" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-9];player=img; noopener noreferrer">http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0061.jpg</a></p>
<p>Part 2 — <a title="http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0062.jpg" href="http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0062.jpg" target="_blank" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-9];player=img; noopener noreferrer">http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0062.jpg</a></p>
<p>Complete Analysis of State&#8217;s Exhibit B (required reading): <a href="http://www.leofrank.org/states-exhibit-b/">The full review of State&#8217;s Exhibit B</a></p>
<p>&#8211; Leo Frank Case files from the Georgia Supreme Court, Adobe PDF format: <a href="http://www.leofrank.org/library/georgia-archives/">http://www.leofrank.org/library/georgia-archives/</a></p>
<p>&#8211; <em>Atlanta Constitution</em> issue of March 9, 1914 (<a href="http://www.leofrank.org/library/atlanta-journal-constitution/leo-frank-answers-list-of-questions-bearing-on-points-made-against-him-mar-9-1914.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Leo Frank Answers List of Questions Bearing on Points Made Against Him, March 9, 1914</a>)</p>
<p>&#8211; Compare the analysis of the bathroom statement by reading: <a href="http://www.leofrank.org/arguments-of-hugh-m-dorsey-in-the-murder-trial-of-leo-m-frank/">Argument of Hugh M. Dorsey</a>, followed by <a href="http://www.leofrank.org/mr-hooper/">Argument of Mr. Frank Hooper</a> &#8212; also compare with <a href="http://www.leofrank.org/tom-watson/">Tom Watson&#8217;s</a> version</p>
<p>&#8211; Minola McKnight statement (<a href="http://www.leofrank.org/states-exhibit-j/">Minola Mcknight, State&#8217;s Exhibit J, June 3, 1913</a>) and cremation request in the 1954 Notarized Last Will and Testament of <a title="Lucille Selig Frank" href="http://www.leofrank.org/mrs-lucille-selig-frank/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Lucille Selig Frank</a></p>
<p>&#8211; 2D and 3D <a title="The National Pencil Company, 1913" href="http://www.leofrank.org/national-pencil-company/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">National Pencil Company</a> floor diagrams</p>
<p><strong>The National Pencil Company in 3 Dimensions</strong></p>
<p>3-Dimensional Floor Plan of the <a title="National Pencil Company 1913" href="http://www.leofrank.org/national-pencil-company/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">National Pencil Company</a> in 1913: <a title="3D Floor Plan of the National Pencil Company" href="http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0060.jpg" target="_blank" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-9];player=img; noopener noreferrer">http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0060.jpg</a>.</p>
<p><strong>The Defendant Leo Frank&#8217;s Factory Diagrams Made on His Behalf:</strong></p>
<p>2-Dimensional Floor Plan of the <a title="National Pencil Company 1913" href="http://www.leofrank.org/national-pencil-company/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">National Pencil Company</a> in 1913. Defendants Exhibit 61, Ground Floor and Second Floor 2D Birds Eye View Maps of the National Pencil Company: <a title="2D Birds Eye View of the National Pencil Company 2nd Floor" href="http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0125.jpg" target="_blank" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-9];player=img; noopener noreferrer">http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0125.jpg</a>. <a title="Plat of the Second Floor of the National Pencil Company" href="http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0125.jpg" target="_blank" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-9];player=img; noopener noreferrer">Plat of the First and Second Floor of the National Pencil Company</a>.</p>
<p>1. <a href="http://leofrank.org/images/national-pencil-factory/states-exhibit-a-diagram-3d-nation-pencil-company-factory-1913.png" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-9];player=img;">State&#8217;s Exhibit A (Small Image)</a> or <a href="http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0060.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-9];player=img;">State&#8217;s Exhibit A (Large Image)</a>.</p>
<p>2. <a href="http://leofrank.org/images/national-pencil-factory/side-diagram-factory.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-9];player=img;">Different Version: Side view of the factory diagram showing the front half of the factory</a></p>
<p>3. <a href="http://leofrank.org/images/national-pencil-factory/national-pencil-factory-diagram-1.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-9];player=img;">Bert Green Diagram of the National Pencil Company</a></p>
<p>&#8211; James &#8220;Jim&#8221; Conley&#8217;s testimony (<a title="Jim Conley at the Leo Frank Trial August 1913" href="http://www.leofrank.org/jim-conley-august-4-5-6/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">James Conley, Brief of Evidence, August, 4, 5, 6, 1913</a>)</p>
<p>&#8211; Staged late <a href="http://www.leofrank.org/images/factory-recreated-scene/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">defense version of events</a></p>
<p>&#8211; The <em><a href="http://leofrank.org/images/jeffersonian/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jeffersonian Newspaper</a></em> 1914-1917 and <em>Watson&#8217;s Magazine</em> (<a title="Watson&#039;s Magazine August 1915 on Leo Frank" href="http://www.archive.org/details/WatsonsMagazineAugust1915Volume21No.4FeaturingLeoFrankMaryPhagan" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="broken_link">August</a> and <a title="Watson&#039;s Magazine September 1915 on Leo Frank" href="http://www.archive.org/details/TheOfficialRecordInTheCaseOfLeoFrankJewPervertSeptember1915" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="broken_link">September</a>, 1915) series on the case</p>
<p>&#8211; Defense and prosecution both ratify the original Brief of Evidence: <a href="http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/">Leo M. Frank, Plaintiff in Error, vs. State of Georgia, Defendant in Error. In Error from Fulton Superior Court at the July Term 1913. Brief of Evidence</a></p>
<p>&#8211; <a href="http://leofrank.org/library/american-state-trials-1918-volume-x-john-lawson.pdf">John Davison Lawson&#8217;s <em>American State Trials</em> 1918, Volume X</a></p>
<p>&#8211; Mary Phagan Kean&#8217;s analysis of the Leo Frank Case: <a href="http://leofrank.org/library/murder-of-little-mary-phagan.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The Murder of Little Mary Phagan</a></p>
<p>&#8211; <a href="http://www.leofrank.org/images/georgia-supreme-court-case-files/2/0060.jpg" rel="shadowbox[sbpost-9];player=img;">State&#8217;s Exhibit A</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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